Title: Global Impacts of Energy Demand on the Freshwater Resources of Nations Wrote Paper – Rh, Ks, Fe with Contributions from All Authors. Significance Statement

The growing geographic disconnect between consumption of goods, the 26 extraction and processing of resources, and the environmental impacts associated with 27 production activities makes it crucial to factor global trade into sustainability assessments. 28 Using an empirically validated environmentally extended global trade model we examine the 29 relationship between two key resources underpinning economies and human well-being-30 energy and freshwater. A comparison of three energy sectors (petroleum, gas, electricity) 31 reveals that freshwater consumption associated with gas and electricity production is largely 32 confined within the territorial boundaries where demand originates. This contrasts with 33 petroleum, which exhibits a varying ratio of territorial to international freshwater 34 consumption depending on the origin of demand. For example, while the USA and China 35 have similar demand associated with the petroleum sector, international freshwater 36 consumption is three times higher for the former than the latter. Based on mapping patterns 37 of freshwater consumption associated with energy sectors at subnational scales, our analysis 38 also reveals concordance between pressure on freshwater resources associated with energy 39 production and freshwater scarcity in a number of river basins globally. These energy-driven 40 pressures on freshwater resources in areas distant from the origin of energy demand 41 complicate the design of policy to ensure security of fresh water and energy supply. While 42 much of the debate around energy is focussed on greenhouse gas emissions, our findings 43 highlight the need to consider the full range of consequences of energy production when 44 designing policy. 47 Understanding the role of international trade in driving pressures on freshwater resources is 48 key to meeting challenges at the water-energy nexus. A coupled trade and hydrological model 49 is used to examine pressures on freshwater resources associated with energy production 50 across the global economy. While the electric and gas sectors induce freshwater consumption 51 predominantly within countries where demand originates (91%, 81% respectively), the 52 petroleum sector exhibits a high international footprint (56%). Critical geographic areas and 53 economic sectors are identified providing focus for resource management actions to ensure 54 energy and freshwater security. Our analysis demonstrates the importance of broadening the 55 discourse on energy policy to include issues such as freshwater scarcity, the role of 56 international trade, and wider environmental and societal considerations.